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Recent analyses of Doppler survey data have shown that 30-40% of Sun-like stars hosting close-in (<1AU) super-Earths also host cold (>1AU) Jupiters. This high fraction, when combined with individual occurrence rates of the two populations, implies that most of the cold Jupiters as found from Doppler surveys must be associated with inner super-Earths as observed by Kepler. On the other hand, Doppler surveys showed long ago that cold Jupiters have a broad eccentricity distribution, hinting that their orbits have been dynamically heated due to post-formation perturbations such as planet-planet scattering. Then, one might expect the mutual inclinations between cold Jupiters and their inner super-Earths to be occasionally high. We show this is indeed the case, by carefully analyzing the fraction of Kepler stars with transiting super-Earths that also have transiting cold Jupiters: this fraction depends on both the probability for cold Jupiters to occur around super-Earths and the mutual orbital inclinations, and the former probability has already been measured in Doppler surveys, so we can use the data to constrain the mutual inclination distribution. We infer that the typical mutual inclination is about 12 degrees, which is significantly larger than the dispersion of a few degrees seen in the solar system. We also find evidence that cold Jupiters have lower mutual inclinations relative to inner systems with a larger number of transiting super-Earths. This association suggests that dynamically hot cold Jupiters may play an essential role in shaping the observed architecture of systems with close-in super-Earths.

Kento Masuda: Mutual Orbital Inclinations Between Cold Jupiters and Inner Super-Earths