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The occurrence distribution of long-period planets is a key unknown left in our understanding of exoplanetary demographics. The presence of Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system likely facilitated the formation of Earth and other terrestrial planets, yet we do not have a clear picture of the intrinsic frequency of gas giant planets beyond 5-10 AU in exoplanetary systems. Here we analyze over 35,000 Keck/HIRES and Lick RVs collected over the past 30 years for a sample of 721 nearby stars. This study provides direct measurements of the mass, period, and eccentricity distributions of giant planets beyond 5 AU and Neptune-mass planets out to the location of the ice line. We are finally able to unify, compare and contrast planet population statistics from direct imaging surveys with those of RV and transit surveys. This will have a profound impact on the planning of future direct imaging campaigns, providing them with targets to observe and yield predictions. We examine the period distribution of giant planets beyond 10 AU to look for the fall off in the planet occurrence rate required to reconcile the tension between RV studies and direct imaging studies. We measure the mass distribution of Neptune to Jupiter mass planets orbiting beyond 3 AU to look for an enhancement in the frequency of sub-Jovian planets near the ice line as is observed for Jovian and super-Jovian mass planets. We compare the mass-distribution of planets beyond 3 AU to those orbiting inside 1 AU to look for the signatures of planet migration and shepherding of the multitude of small planets discovered by Kepler. The results of this study will have profound impact on the planning of future direct imaging campaigns, potentially providing them with targets to observe and yield predictions. By connecting the regimes of exoplanetary demographics explored by all of the various detection techniques we provide a unified view of the end product of planet formation across the entire protoplanetary disks.

Benjamin Fulton: Frequency of gaseous planets beyond the ice line